Layer 1 is the foundational layer of a blockchain network, encompassing the core architecture and primary protocol that defines the network's functionality, consensus mechanism, and security. This layer includes the blockchain's base protocol, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, which handles the validation and recording of transactions, network consensus, and overall security. Innovations at the Layer 1 level typically involve improvements to scalability, speed, and efficiency through changes to the protocol itself, such as implementing sharding or transitioning to different consensus algorithms like proof-of-stake. As the main network layer, Layer 1 directly affects the performance and capabilities of the blockchain, making it crucial for the blockchain's overall operation and development.
